Author Question: Rick is 20 years old and lives an active lifestyle in the city. On the weekends, he enjoys attending ... (Read 26 times)

ETearle · **on:** Jun 25, 2018

Rick is 20 years old and lives an active lifestyle in the city. On the weekends, he enjoys attending dance clubs and meeting women who he hopes he can bring back to his apartment when the club closes.

After a series of these anonymous sexual encounters, he began to experience some mild discomfort while urinating. He ignored the problem at first, but knew something was wrong when a thin urethral discharge became noticeable. One day after work, he went to a family planning center where swab of his urethra revealed the presence of C. trachomatis. He was prescribed antibiotics and was told to abstain from sexual intercourse until his treatment had been completed and he was clear of the infection

What are the differences between chlamydial elementary bodies and reticulate bodies? What feature of the reticulate bodies makes them different from other forms of bacteria?

If Rick were to present with mucocutaneous lesions on his feet, what complication might you suspect? What are the other symptoms associated with this condition?

How does C. trachomatis contribute to infertility in both men and women?

If one of Rick's infected women were to have a child, what effect, if any, would this have on the neonate?

Question 2

Jennifer belongs to a women's rugby team. At 23 years old, she has been playing for 5 years and trains daily to keep up her strength and stamina. During one game, she was injured.

Unable to walk, she was carried off the field supported by her coach and an athletic therapist. At the hospital, after an examination and MRI of her right knee, she was given her diagnosis. Jennifer suffered what is often termed the O'Donoghue triad: a ruptured medial collateral ligament, a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament, and tear of the medial meniscus.

Jennifer's injury involved the complete tearing of two ligaments. What are the similarities and differences between the anatomy and function of ligaments and tendons?

The knee joint exemplifies a diarthrodial joint. What are the anatomy of the synovial membrane and the importance of synovial fluid in such a joint?

alexisweber49 · **Reply #1 on:** Jun 25, 2018

Answer to Question 1

Chlamydiae are seen as elementary bodies or reticulate bodies. Elementary bodies are the invasive particles that attach to and enter the host cell. Once inside the host cell, they organize into reticulate bodies. These reticulate bodies are the metabolically active components of the disease, undergoing binary fission and condensation to produce new elementary bodies. After the host cell undergoes lysis, the newly formed elementary bodies are released for further host cell invasion.
Reticulate bodies, although equipped with RNA and DNA, are unlike other bacteria in that they require a host cell for replication. They are unable, therefore, to survive outside of the body.

Reiter syndrome may develop as a complication of chlamydia. The syndrome is an autoimmune arthritic condition that also includes urethritis, conjunctivitis, and papulosquamous eruptions that occur on the feet and hands.

In men, infection with C. trachomatis may cause infertility if epididymitis and prostatitis are present. In women, persistent fallopian tube damage and pelvic inflammatory disease may cause infertility.

Cervical chlamydia is passed from the mother to the neonate during delivery. Neonatal complications include a variety of ocular diseases and the development of chlamydial pneumonitis. In underdeveloped countries, chlamydia is a leading cause of childhood blindness.

Answer to Question 2

Ligaments and tendons are both composed of dense connective tissue rich in organized bundles of collagen. Both tissues have neural innervation and a blood supply, although blood circulation to these tissues is limited.
Tendons are found at the ends of muscle bundles and act to attach muscle to bone. They are surrounded by a connective tissue sheath containing a small amount of fluid that serves to reduce friction as the muscle works over the bone to which it is attached.
Ligaments are closely associated with the articular capsules of joints and are responsible for binding the articular ends of bone to one another. They are also rich in inelastic collagen, but afford a certain degree of pliability for joint movement to occur.

Jennifer's rehabilitation will include techniques that will increase her joint proprioception. What is proprioception, and what will occur if this neural function is not restored?
Proprioception is provided by nerve endings in the tendons and ligaments of surrounding joints. Proprioception senses joint position, and reflexively adjusts the tension of surrounding muscle to ensure the joint is stabilized. When proprioception is lost, joint instability and destructive change eventually result.

A protective fibrous outer layer surrounds the synovial membrane. The membrane itself contains a series of folds to ensure a full range of movement in the joint. Cells of the membrane produce and secrete synovial fluid. The fluid plays a critical role in maintaining a low-friction environment within the joint and facilitates joint movement through its lubricating ability. Synovial fluid also provides articular cartilage with necessary nutrients as it circulates within the joint space.