What is the major drawback of using percentile ranks to describe students' performance on a standardized test?
a. Even many low-achieving students tend to get above-average percentile scores.
b. Percentiles tend to underestimate how much students have actually learned.
c. Because most students get fairly low scores, they become easily discouraged and their self-efficacy decreases.
d. Students in the middle range can be quite similar in achievement and yet have scores that are somewhat dissimilar.
Question 2
When we represent students' test performance in terms of standard scores, we must first know the standard deviation of those scores. This statistic tells us:
a. What the average student's performance was
b. How close together or far apart the scores are
c. Whether the test has high predictive validity
d. Whether the test has high reliability
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