Clarence is a carefree 3-year-old. One day he attends the circus with his older brother, Junius, and watches as a clown sneaks up behind his brother. Junius turned and began to scream uncontrollably at the clown, who continued to taunt and tease Junius A year later, when his parents propose a clown-themed fourth birthday party, Clarence himself begins screaming uncontrollably. What produced this phobia in Clarence?
◦ Biological preparedness
◦ Internal psychodynamic conflict
◦ Negative reinforcement of circus behavior
◦ Observational learning of Junius' reaction to the clown