Alright #1 you are fairly correct each element in column 1 Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, etc down the line has 1 valence electron everything in column 2 has 2 valence electrons, and so on except for the transition metals (columns 3-12) they are tricky and it depends on their charge.....#2 Use the answer to number one as a guide but think of it like this Bromine has 7 valence electrons Na has 1 valence electron and all atoms want to satisfy the octet have eight electrons in their outer shell. Compare the valence electrons between Chlorine and bromine are they similar. Usually elements in the same column react similarly....#3 The key is that you know an anion is a negatively charged ion. For example if you wanted the charge of an Oxygen anion you would look at the periodic table and find that oxygen is two away from the noble gases so it would be negative 2. Hope this helps a little.
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