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| Description: (a) This caterpillar, an invertebrate and ectotherm, chews leaves to obtain its energy. If a mouthful of food contains 1,000 joules (J) of energy, about 320 J is used to fuel metabolic processes (32%) and 500 J (50%) is lost in feces. This leaves about 180 J to be converted into insect biomass, a production efficiency of 18%. (b) The production efficiency of this squirrel, a vertebrate and endotherm, is much lower.
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