Answer to Question 1
ANS: B
The pain of sickle cell anemia is best treated by a multidisciplinary approach. Mild-to-moderate pain can be controlled by ibuprofen and acetaminophen. When narcotics are indicated, they are titrated to effect and given around the clock. Patient-controlled analgesia reinforces the patient's role and responsibility in managing the pain and provides flexibility in dealing with pain. Few if any patients who receive opioids for severe pain become behaviorally addicted to the drug. Narcotics are often used because of the severe nature of the pain of vaso-occlusive crisis. Ice is contraindicated because of its vasoconstrictive effects.
Answer to Question 2
ANS: C
The clinical features of sickle cell anemia are primarily the result of increased red blood cell destruction and obstruction caused by the sickle-shaped red blood cells. Sickled red cells have decreased oxygen-carrying capacity and transform into the sickle shape in conditions of low oxygen tension. When the sickle cells change shape, they increase the viscosity in the area where they are involved in the microcirculation.
The nurse needs to note the source of the patient health history
Firing Pattern of a REM-ON Cell
Cell Biology Vector Icon
Supervised role-play can help a child feel more at ease during office visits.
Steps in the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
A dendritic cell preparing to engulf spores of a fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus.