Answer to Question 1
d
Answer to Question 2
French sociologist Emile Durkheim stressed that people are the products
of their social environment and that behavior cannot be fully understood in
terms of individual biological and psychological traits. Durkheim set forth
the idea that societies are built on social facts. Social facts are patterned
ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual
but that exert social control over each person. He believed that social
facts must be explained by other social factsby reference to the social
structure rather than to individual attributes. Durkheim's recurring
question was: How do societies manage to hold together? He concluded
that preindustrial societies were held together by strong traditions and by
members' shared moral beliefs and values. As societies industrialized,
more specialized economic activity became the basis of the social bond
because people became interdependent on one another. Durkheim
observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of
labor produce strains in society.
These strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority and to a
dramatic increase in anomiea condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a
result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.
The work of Charles Darwin forms the foundation for modern evolutionary theory.
Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
Psychosocial Views: Erik Erikson
Charles Sheeler, Criss-Crossed Conveyors—Ford Plant.
Mold is growing on red/green agar in a divided Petri dish.