Answer to Question 1
Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is downward communication. When a sales manager holds a sales meeting to explain new products or to motivate the team he is using downward flowing oral communication.
Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group or organization. It's used to provide feedback to higher-ups, inform them of progress toward goals, and relay current problems. A monthly status report from a project manager sent to his department director is an example of upward flowing written communication.
When communication takes place among members of the same work group, members of work groups at the same level, managers at the same level or any other horizontally equivalent workers, we describe it as lateral communication. Nonverbal communication includes body movements, the intonations or emphasis we give to words, facial expressions, and the physical distance between the sender and receiver. When two programmers confer on the best way to crack a code for a common project, they are engaging in oral lateral communication. If one of them shows a puzzled face, or raises an eyebrow at the other's suggestion that is an example of non-verbal lateral communication.
Answer to Question 2
B
Explanation: B) Sociable and dominant people are more likely to be extroverted, which might result in their becoming leaders.
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