Making a causal inference from quasi-experimental evidence requires all but which of the following:
a. the suspected cause must covary with the effect
b. the suspected cause must precede the effect
c. rival hypotheses must be ruled out or be highly implausible.
d. Bayesian moving average statistical analyses.
Question 2
Imagine that you want to paraphrase the findings from a research project published by Glenn Simpson and Dawn Hager in 1989 titled The Role of Crackle Crunch Cereal as a Cognitive Enhancer which of the following in-text citations would be
correct according to APA style?
a. Simpson, G. and Hager, D. (1989). found that eating Crackle Crunch cereal was directly related to higher exam scores, but these effects dissipated after 2 hours.
b. Simpson, G. and Hager, D (1989). found that eating Crackle Crunch cereal was directly related to higher exam scores, but these effects dissipated after 2 hours (p. 88). c. Eating Crackle Crunch cereal has been found to enhance exam scores at least in the short-term (Simpson & Hager, 1989).
d. Eating Crackle Crunch cereal has been found to enhance exam scores at least in the short-term (Simpson, G. & Hager, D., 1989).
Experimental manipulations of ponds and responses.
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