Answer to Question 1
c
Answer to Question 2
According to Freud, human development occurs in three states that
reflect different levels of the personality, which he referred to as the id,
ego, and superego. The id is the component of personality that includes
all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand
immediate gratification. The newborn child's personality is all id, and from
birth, the child finds that urges for selfgratificationsu ch as wanting to
be held, fed, or changedare not going to be satisfied immediately. By
contrast, the ego develops as infants discover that their most basic
desires are not always going to be met by others. The ego is the rational,
reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on the
innate, pleasure-seeking drives of the id. The ego channels the desire of
the id for immediate gratification into the most advantageous direction for
the individual. The superego is in opposition to both the id and the ego.
The superego, or conscience, consists of the moral and ethical aspects
of personality. It is first expressed as the recognition of parental control
and eventually matures as the child learns that parental control is a
reflection of the values and moral demands of the larger society. When a
person is well-adjusted, the ego successfully manages the opposing
forces of the id and the superego.