Answer to Question 1
There are certain biological differences between men and women. Of course, there are the obvious anatomical, sexual, and reproductive differences. There are also hormonal differences. Each sex has both male and female hormones, but women have higher levels of female hormones and men have higher levels of male hormones. Research on some animal species (which may or may not be applicable to humans) has shown that if male hormones are injected into females, the females have a heightened sex drive and become more aggressive. Scientists, however, see this hormonal difference as playing only a minor role in humans. This is because human behavior patterns are almost entirely learned, whereas behavior patterns in lower animals are more influenced by hormonal factors. Men, on the average, are taller and heavier than women and have greater physical strength. Women can tolerate pain better and have greater physical endurance (except in short-term feats of strength). In most respects, women are physically healthier. Females are less susceptible to most diseases and on the average live longer. Males have higher rates of fetal and infant mortality. Male fetuses can inherit a greater number of sex-linked weaknesses: More than 30 disorders have been found exclusively among males, including hemophilia, certain types of color blindness, and webbing of the toes. Soon after birth, female babies tend be more content and less physically active. As children develop, other differences appear, but it has not yet been determined whether the identified differences are due to inherited or learned factors. Girls learn to talk and read at an earlier age; they also become more docile and dependent and seem more intellectually mature (most remedial education classes have a large majority of boys). Boys are superior in elementary school on tasks requiring spatial, mechanical, and analytic ability, whereas girls are superior at tasks involving verbal capacities and numerical computation. The basis for these differences is uncertain. Girls, for example, may be better at reading and language because they are encouraged to spend more time with adults and to read rather than to engage in competitive sports or similar activities.
Answer to Question 2
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Differences in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves under different physiological conditions and am
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