Which is the most accurate summary of the differentiation some ...

[Kikoku]

Which is the most accurate summary of the differentiation some writers have given between leadership and management?
 
  A) Management is about facilitating stability and leadership is about managing change.
  B) Management is about equilibrium and leadership is about refining current performance.
  C) Management is about controlling variance and leadership is about initiating change.
  D) Management is about setting direction and leadership is about creating something new.

Question 2

An experiment conducted by Nobel laureate Herbert A. Simon found that novice chess players remember differently than experienced players what a chess game looked like midgame.
 
  Which statement is an accurate application to management of the results of this experiment?
  A) Having frameworks blocks managers' ability to remember, because it is a preconceived notion.
  B) A depth of experience can help managers recognize patterns and exceptions to patterns.
  C) New managers will never perform as well as experienced managers.
  D) There is no way to tell what a manager may remember.

[stillxalice]

Answer to Question 1

Answer: C
Explanation: A) Incorrect. Leaders initiate change, they do not manage it.
B) Incorrect. Managers, not leaders, refine current performance.
C) Correct. Managers are focused on maintaining the status quo, while leaders are focused on improvement through change.
D) Incorrect. Leaders, not managers, set the direction of the company.

Answer to Question 2

Answer: B
Explanation: A) Incorrect. Rather than blocking a manager's ability to remember, frameworks enhance an experienced manager's ability to deal with a complex or ambiguous situation. The experiment showed that experienced chess players relied on known patterns (based on past experience) and only had to remember the exceptions to the pattern in order to remember and recreate the board layout. Frameworks can serve a similar function for managers.
B) Correct. Frameworks can enhance a manager's ability to deal with a complex or ambiguous situation. The experiment showed that experienced chess players relied on known patterns (based on past experience) and only had to remember the exceptions to the pattern in order to remember and recreate the board layout. Frameworks can serve a similar function for managers.
C) Incorrect. Frameworks can enhance a manager's ability to deal with a complex or ambiguous situation. The experiment showed that experienced chess players relied on known patterns (based on past experience) and only had to remember the exceptions to the pattern in order to remember and recreate the board layout. Frameworks can serve a similar function for managers. Because these frameworks or patterns can be created in any organization, they can have a similar effect both for new or experienced managers.
D) Incorrect. Frameworks can enhance a manager's ability to deal with a complex or ambiguous situation. The experiment showed that experienced chess players relied on known patterns (based on past experience) and only had to remember the exceptions to the pattern in order to remember and recreate the board layout. Frameworks can serve a similar function for managers.