Answer to Question 1
Answer: 3
Explanation: Hildegard Peplau introduced the idea of the concept of self as a tool as important to the nurse as a stethoscope. Peplau described the concept of self as standardized and able to be continually evaluated and refined to ensure that is the optimal design for its purpose. Patricia Benner also described the concept of self as a tool; however, Peplau, not Benner, introduced the concept. Ida Jean Orlando stated that the nurse use self as a reaction of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings in response to the patient's behavior. Florence Nightingale described the concept of self as necessary for all nurses, and emphasized the concept of whole self.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: 1
Explanation: The nurse's use of self occurs when the nurse uses his or her personality in full awareness when providing patient care. It is this use of self as a therapeutic tool that allows the nurse to constantly be aware of his or her personal influences and to objectively assess and provide care for the patient. While therapeutic communication, empathy, and open-ended questions are appropriate interventions, these do not describe the nurse's ability to use his or her personality in full awareness in order to plan and implement appropriate nursing interventions.
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