|
|
More than 30% of American adults, and about 12% of children utilize health care approaches that were developed outside of conventional medicine.
It is believed that the Incas used anesthesia. Evidence supports the theory that shamans chewed cocoa leaves and drilled holes into the heads of patients (letting evil spirits escape), spitting into the wounds they made. The mixture of cocaine, saliva, and resin numbed the site enough to allow hours of drilling.
Intradermal injections are somewhat difficult to correctly administer because the skin layers are so thin that it is easy to accidentally punch through to the deeper subcutaneous layer.
In women, pharmacodynamic differences include increased sensitivity to (and increased effectiveness of) beta-blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics.
Sildenafil (Viagra®) has two actions that may be of consequence in patients with heart disease. It can lower the blood pressure, and it can interact with nitrates. It should never be used in patients who are taking nitrates.
![Retrograde pyelogram. A contrast medium is injected into the ureter using a cystoscope, and the X-ra](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_26_10_12_5_21_06_9671618.jpeg)
![The research methods that sociologists choose depend partially on the questions they want to answer. ...](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_632960_15_11_16_11_30_04_241091163.png)