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| Description: (a) Structure of a T-cell receptor. (b) Antigen presentation. In the initial events in helper T-cell activation, antigen fragments are complexed with a class II MHC protein within an antigen-presenting cell, such as a macrophage. The complex is then displayed on the cell surface and binds to a helper T-cell receptor. Also required for T-cell activation are the binding of nonantigenic proteins between the APC and the attached helper T cell, and the actions of the cytokines IL-1 and TNF.
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