 |
| Previous Image | Next Image |
| Description: This first stage of carbohydrate breakdown starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all cells. Opposite, for clarity, we track only the six carbon atoms (black balls) that enter the reactions as part of glucose. Cells invest two ATP to start glycolysis, so the net energy yield from one glucose molecule is two ATP. Two NADH also form, and two pyruvate molecules are the end products.This first stage of carbohydrate breakdown starts and ends in the cytoplasm of all cells. Opposite, for clarity, we track only the six carbon atoms (black balls) that enter the reactions as part of glucose. Cells invest two ATP to start glycolysis, so the net energy yield from one glucose molecule is two ATP. Two NADH also form, and two pyruvate molecules are the end products. ghmseVSVphosphale O fle— mo immoseJ .Ssbfiphosphate 2NAD*+2P. 2 ATP pmducm by supstrateteyet phoephotytanoh 2 ATP produced by supstrateteyet phoephorytanoh ;,_r 9 NazATP+2NADH ATP-Requiring Steps 0 An enzyrne (haloktnase) trarsters a phosphate group from ATP to g‘us nosey tenntng ghmsefisphosphale. 0 A phosphate group tram a second ATP ts transfevrad to me g‘uooseVGs phosphate The resutthg molecule ts unstahte, and tt spttts Inlo Iwo (hreer earoon molecules The moteeutes are tntereonvemhte, so we Wm 93“ them both PGAL (phosphegryeeratdehy de) Two ATP have now been Invested tn the reacttons ATP-Gellerming Steps 9 Enzymes much a phosphate to the Mo PGAL, and trahstertwe etemrons and a hydrogen ten from each PGAL to NAD‘, Two PGA (phosphogtyoerate) and two NADH are the result. 0 Enzymes "377519! a phosphate group tram eaoh PGA Io ADP. Thus, Mo ATP haveterrned by substrate level phosphorytatteh The ohghat energy tnyestrnent 01 Mo ATP has now been reoavered o Enzymes transfev a phosphate group tram eaoh onwo tntennedetes to ADP, Two more ATP have formed by subsualeJeve‘ phosphorytauoh, Two meteeutes at pynmte Tenn at thts last reaetton step. a Summlng up gryeoryse ytetds [wo NADH, two ATP (hen, and Mo pyruV vale breach gtuoose meleeute, Dependmg on me type at den and envnenmentat condmons, me pyruyate may enter the second stage 0! aerooto respnahon or II may he used h other ways, sueh as h Tennentahon. Picture Stats: Views: 38 Filesize: 253.93kB Height: 1052 Width: 849 Source: https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=49450 |