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| Description: Psychosocial stress affects wound healing through the release of cortisol and by activation of the SNS. Cortisol suppresses the release of wound growth factors that decrease wound strength and impair wound closure. Cortisol also reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines needed in the early phase of wound healing. Cortisol also decreases the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the wound and impairs bacterial killing by these phagocytic cells, thus impairing pathogen elimination. Sympathetic activity decreases wound epithelialization and reduces oxygen delivery to the wound. As a result, not only is there a decrease in wound healing, but also psychosocial stress can increase the risk for wound infection. Each of the items listed either have an up arrow, a down arrow, or no arrow beside them. Psychosocial stress leads to two things: cortisol, up arrow, and sympathetic activity, up arrow. Cortisol leads to 2 things: 1. wound growth factors, down arrow, which leads to wound strength, down arrow, and wound closure, down arrow, which leads to the last box. 2. Proinflammatory cytokines, down arrow, neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to the wound, down arrow, and bacterial killing, down arrow, which all lead to wound debridement, down arrow, and pathogen elimination, down arrow, which lead to the last box. Sympathetic stress leads to 2 things: 1. Wound epithelization, down arrow, which leads to the last box. 2. Vasoconstriction, no arrow, which leads to oxygen delivery to wound, down arrow, which leads to the last box. The last box consists of risk of wound infection, up arrow, and wound healing, down arrow. Picture Stats: Views: 18 Filesize: 220.34kB Height: 1382 Width: 1820 Source: https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=49634 |