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| Description: The generation, removal, and role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell injury. The production of ROS is increased by many injurious stimuli. These free radicals are removed by spontaneous decay and by specialized enzymatic systems. Excessive production or inadequate removal leads to accumulation of free radicals in cells, which may damage lipids (by peroxidation), proteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), resulting in cell injury. SOD = superoxide dismutase. Toxins, radiation, and or reperfusion enter the mitochondrion, resulting in the production of R O S. O 2 superoxide either converts to H 2 O 2 by S O D and leaves the cell or converts to H 2 O 2 hydrogen peroxide in the cell, which then leads to decomposition to H 2 0 by glutathione peroxidase, catalase. Both of these are removal of free radicals. It can also lead to O H hydroxyl radical. An arrow points outside the cell and it labeled pathologic effects, which include the following. D N A damage, which leads to mutations, lipid peroxidation, which leads to membrane damage, and protein modifications, which leads to breakdown and misfolding. Picture Stats: Views: 105 Filesize: 216.92kB Height: 882 Width: 2156 Source: https://biology-forums.com/index.php?action=gallery;sa=view;id=49827 |