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Description: In the absence of oxygen, many cells use fermentation to produce ATP by substrate–level phosphorylation. Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, serves as an electron acceptor for oxidizing NADH back to NAD+, which can then be reused in glycolysis. Two of the common end products formed from fermentation are (a) ethanol and (b) lactate, the ionized form of lactic acid.
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