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Description: Acceleration–deceleration injuries: A, in hyperflexion, the extreme forward movement of the head causes compression of the vertebral bodies and damage to the posterior ligaments and intervertebral disks; B, in hyperextension, extreme backward movement of the head causes injury to the posterior vertebral structures and the anterior ligaments; C, in axial loading or compression, extreme pressure is placed on the spinal column, such as in diving accidents or falls landing on feet or buttocks.
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