Answer to Question 1
Answer:
The Traits as Sensitivities to Situations model says that people's traits can be measured by the threshold at which they respond to a provocative situation. In other words, if you respond strongly to only a low provocation for empathy, then you're high in trait empathy. In terms of aggression, people high in trait aggression should respond to even a low provocation, whereas people low in the trait will require a very high provocation to respond. In an experiment, high trait-aggressive people reacted very aggressively from just a mild provocation. People low in the trait didn't respond to mild provocation, but did respond with strong aggression from a powerful provocation.
Answer to Question 2
Answer:
The frustration-aggression hypothesis asserts that aggression stems from the frustration of an individual, who eventually snaps when her/his tolerance is reached. The primary beliefs are that 1) all frustration eventually leads to aggression, and 2) all aggression is the product of frustration. As to the first, individuals do not respond only with aggression when frustrated, but may become depressed, or attempt to overcome the source of their frustration. Secondly, apart from the fact that frustration can, indeed, result in aggression, aggression can stem from instrumental causes, like aggression in wartime, or in a boxing match.
Chuckwalla body lengths at the end of a laboratory rearing experiment
Kidney Anatomy model
Health Belief Model
The Murphy–Moller wellness model.
Reactions of the glyoxylate cycle
The Taylor–Woods–Hughes experiment