Answer to Question 1
Answer:
Cultures of honor indicate that there are some circumstances in which one should aggress if one's honor is at stake. This is particularly true for men. Sexual jealousy is one way in which a man's honor might be threatened due to paternity uncertainty. Domestic violence and mate-retention behaviors both point to the idea that men need to protect their honor by ensuring that their partners are faithful. Manhood it seems can be easily removed by loss of face, inability to provide for one's family, or even letting others down. All of these place men in cultures of honor in a position that would normatively require the use of aggression to defend against this multitude of threats to one's honor. Less is known about how women experience a culture of honor, indeed womanhood is rarely threatened so easily.
Answer to Question 2
Answer:
Evolutionary factors appear now to play a modest role in aggression. Freud said aggression stems from thanatos, a death wish possessed by all persons, which ends up being turned on other people. More recent research suggests that males seeking desirable mates needed to compete with each other, eliciting aggression toward one another, whereas females would have no such need to physically compete. More recently, Hawley has written about verbal aggression in girls, which, if combined with prosocial behavior, can provide them with high status and respect.
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