Answer to Question 1
Answer:
Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment demonstrated that people changed their attitudes more with less of an inducement (1, compared to 20). Instrumental conditioning model would (incorrectly) predict that people would change their attitude more in the 20 condition of the experiment (than the 1 condition)--20 is a bigger reward, after all Instrumental conditioning would argue that there was no cognition and that people unthinkingly responded to rewards and punishments. Festinger's theory showed that complex cognitive operations were occurring on the way to attitude change, and that they were indeed observable.
Answer to Question 2
Answer:
Answer should include each of the following points:
- classical conditioning learning associations between stimuli
- subliminal conditioning learning can occur even when we are not consciously aware of the conditioning stimulus
- instrumental conditioning associating a behavior or attitude with a reinforcement or reward
- observational learning learning by watching someone else
- all of these types of learning may be involved with attitude formation and with media exposure (TV). Observational learning is the most directly involved with media exposure.
Forward ear position indicating alertness and pleasant attitude
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