Answer to Question 1
Answer: Now, participants are required to give informed consent before proceeding with research. The description provided in the informed consent may be vague, but it cannot be completely deceptive as in the Milgram experiment. Now, participants are reminded that they have the right to discontinue when they choose. In Milgram, they were encouraged to continue, and weren't reminded of that right. Third, the experiment clearly causes psychological distress. Now, the extremes of such an experiment are not allowed (see Burger, 2009).
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Participants were caught between two conflicting norms; on one hand, it is wrong to inflict needless pain on an undeserving victim, and on the other hand, it is right to obey authority figures. At the beginning of the experimentwhen shocks were mild and the learner did not complain or fall silentit was relatively easy to follow the obey authority norm. As the learner's pain and protests grew stronger, it became hard to abandon that norm for the alternative Do no harm norm. First, the experiment was fast-paced (participants didn't have time to think about their values and the other norm) and second, participants were asked to deliver shocks in small increments (which made each previous shock a kind of justification for subsequent shocks).
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