Answer to Question 1
Intellectual disability reflects substantial limitation in intellectual ability as well as problems adapting to an environment which emerges before 18 years of age. Limited intellectual skill is defined as a score of 70 or less on an intelligence test. Adaptive behavior includes conceptual skills important for successful adaptation, social skills, and practical skills. Children with learning disability have (1) difficulty mastering an academic subject, (2) have normal intelligence, and (3) are not suffering from other conditions that could explain poor performance, such as sensory impairment or inadequate instruction.
Answer to Question 2
Traditionally, giftedness was defined by scores on intelligence tests. A score of 130 or greater was the criterion for being gifted. But modern definitions of giftedness are broader and include exceptional talent in an assortment of areas, including art, music, creative writing, dance, and sports. Gifted children have several characteristics in common. First, their ability is substantially above average. Second, they are passionate about their subject and have a powerful desire to master it. Third, gifted children are creative in their thinking and use divergent thinking, coming up with novel thoughts and actions. Fourth, they have parent support as well as stimulating and challenging mentors. Gifted children and adults tend to be more mature than their peers and have fewer emotional problems.
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