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The first documented use of surgical anesthesia in the United States was in Connecticut in 1844.
Long-term mental and physical effects from substance abuse include: paranoia, psychosis, immune deficiencies, and organ damage.
Hippocrates noted that blood separates into four differently colored liquids when removed from the body and examined: a pure red liquid mixed with white liquid material with a yellow-colored froth at the top and a black substance that settles underneath; he named these the four humors (for blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.
In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.