Answer to Question 1
Drug testing is perhaps one of the aspects of internal investigation that has instigated the highest amount of litigation. Drug testing is mandatory for employees receiving federal funding under the federal Drug-Free Workplace Act. Yet, drug testing, in all cases, raises significant privacy issues. Promulgating, a reasonable policy, is one way to insulate an organization from liability.
The reason for drug test could be any of the following:
Required by law in some industries
Reasonable suspicion
Random
Prior history
Work place accident
Answer to Question 2
Genetic testing is without doubt one of the most pressing issues considering the ethical standards to be maintained by the employers. The dilemma is if and if so how, to use genetic information that is readily available. Testing of DNA can tell the employer and its health and life insurance carriers the likelihood that an employee or applicant may carry a wide range of health problems that could pose potentially catastrophic claims under the firm's health and life insurance policy and plans. Even then, genetic testing is considered as one of the most serious intrusions into an employee's privacy that an employer might make.
External and internal structures of nails.
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Internal female reproductive tract.