Which of the following conditions is thought to contribute to the ...

[mynx]

Which of the following conditions is thought to contribute to the development of obesity?
 
  a. Insulin excess
  b. Leptin resistance
  c. Adipocyte failure
  d. Malabsorption

Question 2

The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:
 
  a. the resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure.
  b. ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid loss occurs.
  c. massive bleeding occurs in the GI tract.
  d. overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall.

[Tonny]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: B
Leptin, a product of the obesity gene (Ob gene), acts on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and functions to regulate body weight within a fairly narrow range. Leptin levels increase as the number of adipocytes increases; however, for unknown reasons, high leptin levels are ineffective at decreasing appetite and energy expenditure, a condition known as leptin resistance. Leptin re-sistance fails to inhibit oriexigenic hypothalamic satiety signaling and promotes overeating and excessive weight gain. Insulin becomes resistant, not present in excess. Leptin resistance, not ad-ipocyte failure, leads to obesity. Malabsorption does not lead to obesity, but primarily to weight loss.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: B
Ischemia and necrosis (intestinal infarction) alter membrane permeability. Initially, there is in-creased motility, nausea, and vomiting. Mucosal alteration causes fluid to move from the blood vessels into the bowel wall and peritoneum. Fluid loss causes hypovolemia. Arterial insufficiency is not related to liver failure. Bleeding may occur, but hypovolemia is related to fluid shifts. Fluid shifts lead to hypovolemia; it is not due to overstimulation of the parasympathetic nerves.

[mynx]

TYSM

[aruss1303]

Excellent