A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined ...

[future617RT]

A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have re-placed the normal columnar ciliated cells.
 
  This type of cellular adaptation is called:
  a. anaplasia.
  b. hyperplasia.
  c. metaplasia.
  d. dysplasia.

Question 2

Screening tools that are epigenetically based have shown promise in diagnosing which types of cancer? (select all that apply)
 
  a. Colon
  b. Breast
  c. Skin
  d. Bladder
  e. Prostate

[adammoses97]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: C
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes a less dif-ferentiated cell type. Anaplasia is loss of cellular differentiation. Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division. Dysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A, B, D, E
Monitoring for misregulation of miRNAs has shown promise as a tool for early diagnosis of can-cers of the colon, breast, and prostate. Other epigenetics-based screening approaches have shown promise for detection of cancers of the bladder, lung, and prostate. Such screenings have not yet been developed for skin cancers.