Author Question: While explaining milk production and release to a group of expectant parents, the nurse educates the ... (Read 76 times)

SAVANNAHHOOPER23 · **on:** Jun 25, 2018

While explaining milk production and release to a group of expectant parents, the nurse educates the parents on the fact that suckling by the infant provides the stimulus for milk ejection.

This suckling sends feedback to the hypothalamus, which stimulates the release of which hormone from the pituitary gland responsible for the ejection of milk into the ductal system?
A)
Oxytocin
B)
Prolactin
C)
Progesterone
D)
Follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 2

A 71-year-old man diagnosed with a stage T2 prostate tumor 2 years ago has elected watchful waiting, based upon an underlying heart condition that renders surgery potentially fatal.

Recently, his PSA has jumped considerably, as have his levels of serum acid phosphatase. Which course of action would be least appropriate at this stage?
A)
Combination treatment with an antiandrogen and a GnRH agonist
B)
Treatment with bisphosphonates
C)
Treatment with GnRH agonists alone
D)
Treatment with ketoconazole

kaylee05 · **Reply #1 on:** Jun 25, 2018

Answer to Question 1

Ans:
A

Feedback:

During lactation, milk is secreted by alveolar cells, which are under the influence of the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin. Milk ejection from the ductile system occurs in response to the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. The suckling of the infant provides the stimulus for milk ejection. Suckling produces feedback to the hypothalamus, stimulating the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells lining the alveoli and ejection of milk into the ductal system.

Answer to Question 2

Ans:
C

Feedback:

The sharp rise in PSA, coupled with an increase in levels of serum acid phosphatase, is strongly indicative of metastatic cancer (which could be confirmed via molecular imaging such as MRI). Unopposed GnRH agonists initially cause LH and FSH levels to rise, stimulating the production of testosterone, which acts as fuel for the fire of prostatic metastasis. Thus, their use alone would not be appropriate. However, if these agonists are combined with antiandrogens, testosterone levels can be quelled from two different fronts simultaneously. Ketoconazole is a chemical castrating agent that could bring down testosterone levels rapidly and might be more appropriate for cases of advanced and widespread metastasis. Bisphosphonates address the effects of metastatic bone involvement and of osteoporosis resulting from antiandrogen therapy.