S.P. has several risk factors for PAD. From his history, list ...

[kamilo84]

S.P. has several risk factors for PAD.
 
  From his history, list two risk factors, and explain the reason they are risk factors.

Question 2

S.P. is a 68-year-old retired painter who is experiencing right leg calf pain. The pain began approximately 2 years ago but has become significantly worse in the past 4 months. The pain is precipitated by exercise and is relieved with rest.
 
  Two years ago, S.P. could walk two city blocks before having to stop because of
  leg pain. Today, he can barely walk across the yard. S.P. has smoked two to three packs of cigarettes per
  day (PPD) for the past 45 years. He has a history of coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTN),
  peripheral artery disease (PAD), and osteoarthritis. Surgical history includes quadruple coronary artery
  bypass graft (CABG  4) 3 years ago. He has had no further symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease since
  that time, even though he has not been compliant with the exercise regimen his cardiologist prescribed,
  continues to eat anything he wants, and continues to smoke two to three PPD. Other surgical history
  includes open reduction internal fixation of a right femoral fracture 20 years ago.
  S.P. is in the clinic today for a routine semiannual follow-up appointment with his primary care provider.
  As you take his vital signs, he tells you that in addition to the calf pain, he is experiencing right hip
  pain that gets worse with exercise, the pain doesn't go away promptly with rest, some days are worse
  than others, and his condition is not affected by a resting position.
 
  General Assessment
  Weight 261 lb
  Height 5 ft, 10 in
  Blood pressure (BP) 163/91 mm Hg
  Pulse 82 beats/min
  Respiratory rate 16 beats/min
  Temperature 98.4  F (36.9  C)
  Laboratory Testing (Fasting)
  Cholesterol 239 mg/dL
  Triglycerides 150 mg/dL
  HDL 28 mg/dL
  LDL 181 mg/dL
  Current Medications
  Ramipril (Altace) 10 mg/day
  Metoprolol (Lopressor) 25 mg twice a day
  Aspirin 81 mg/day
  Simvastatin (Zocor) 20 mg/day
 
  What are the likely sources of his calf pain and his hip pain?

[cascooper22]

Answer to Question 1

 Tobacco use: Smoking is associated with increased serum concentrations of cholesterol. It is
also associated with decreased serum HDL. The changes put the individual at increased risk for
atherosclerosis and heart disease. In addition, cigarette smoking can cause transient arterial
constriction.
 Hypertension: HTN weakens blood vessel walls and increases the risk of intimal thickening. Intimal
thickening is associated with atherosclerotic disease.
 Hyperlipidemia: Elevated lipids are associated with atherosclerosis and therefore increased risk
of coronary and cerebrovascular events. Controlling lipid levels reduces disease progression and
helps alleviate symptoms. A diet high in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and low in saturated
fat, cholesterol, and salt will help to reduce his lipid levels as well as his weight.

Answer to Question 2

 Given S.P.'s history, his calf pain is caused by intermittent claudicationa reproducible severe pain
in the calf muscle that occurs during exercise and is relieved during rest. It should be noted that
patients with advanced or severe arterial occlusive disease would experience pain even at rest.
 The history of his hip pain is consistent with osteoarthritisthe pain does not disappear promptly
after exercise, may be associated with changes in the weather, and can vary in intensity.
 Another possible source of hip pain could be pseudoclaudicationt his pain is caused by
neurospinal canal compression. The pain is related to posture and is not made worse with exertion
or relieved with rest. Pseudoclaudication causes pain when the body is in an erect position or
leaning forward (leaning over a shopping cart); lying or sitting can relieve the pain.

[kamilo84]

Thanks for the timely response, appreciate it

[rachel]

Excellent