In a patient who is hemodynamically stable, which procedure can ...

[Evvie72]

In a patient who is hemodynamically stable, which procedure can be used to estimate the PaCO2 levels?
 
  a. PaO2/FIO2 ratio
  b. A-a gradient
  c. Residual volume (RV)
  d. End-tidal CO2

Question 2

The patient is on day 3 of hospitalization in the ICU
 
  The 45-year-old patient was admitted with a diagnosis of acute MI. The patient complains of fatigue, not sleeping the past two nights, and change in appetite. The nurse is aware that these are symptoms of
 
  a. angina.
  b. anxiety.
  c. depression.
  d. endocarditis.

[shaikhs]

Answer to Question 1

D
Capnography is the measurement of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) gas; it is also known as end-tidal CO2 monitoring. Normally, alveolar and arterial CO2 concentrations are equal in the presence of normal V/Q relationships. In a patient who is hemodynamically stable, the end-tidal CO2 (Petco2) can be used to estimate the PaCO2. Normally, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio is greater than 286; the lower the value, the worse the lung function. The a?2-a gradient (Pa ?2- aO2) is normally less than 20 mm Hg on room air for patients younger than 61 years. This estimate of intrapulmonary shunting is the least reliable clinically, but it is used often in clinical decision making. Residual volume is the amount of air left in the lung after maximal exhalation. A normal value is 1200 to 1300 mL.

Answer to Question 2

C
Depression is a phenomenon that occurs across a wide spectrum of human experience. Key symptoms of depression mentioned frequently by cardiac patients are fatigue, change in appetite, and sleep disturbance.