Answer to Question 1
A, D, E
The nurse should plan to assess parentchild interactions when a child is admitted for nonorganic failure to thrive. The observations should include how the child is held and fed, how eye contact is initiated and maintained, and the facial expressions of both the child and the caregiver during interactions. Role modeling and teaching appropriate adultchild interactions (including holding, touching, and feeding the child) will facilitate appropriate parentchild relationships, enhance parents' confidence in caring for their child, and facilitate expression by the parents of realistic expectations based on the child's developmental needs. Daily multivitamin supplements with minerals are often prescribed to ensure that specific nutritional deficiencies do not occur in the course of rapid growth. The nursing staff assigned to care for the child should be consistent. Providing a consistent caregiver from the nursing staff increases trust and provides the child with an adult who anticipates his or her needs and who is able to role model child care to the parent. Caloric enrichment of food is essential, and formula may be concentrated in titrated amounts up to 24 calories per ounce. Greater concentrations can lead to diarrhea and dehydration.
Answer to Question 2
C
Young children normally exhibit abdominal breathing. When measuring respiratory rate, the nurse should observe the rise and fall of the abdomen. A very slow respiration rate is an indicator of respiratory failure. Nasal flaring with inspiration and grunting on expiration would occur when hypoxia is present. The child with an airway obstruction will use accessory muscles to breathe.
Photograph of a child with a cochlear implant. This device sends electrical impulses directly to the
Enamel defects due to malnutrition in a child from the Illinois valley (A.D. 600-1200).
Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Plan of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul.
Basic Food Group Choices for a 1,200 Calorie Eating Plan
Nurse using a stethoscope