Answer to Question 1
The DD curve shifts to the left. Under flexible exchange rate, the expected exchange rate Ee also rises and AA shifts upward and to the right. Thus, a permanent shock causes a greater depreciation than a temporary one.
Under fixed exchange rate, the central bank must prevent the currency depreciation that occurs under a floating rate; thus, it buys domestic money with foreign currency, reducing the domestic money supply and shifting the AA to the left and down. E will remain constant and output will fall.
Under fixed exchange rate, a fall in export demand if permanent have led to a situation of fundamental disequilibrium calling for a devaluation of the currency or a long period of domestic unemployment as export prices fell. Uncertainty about the government's intention would have encouraged speculative capital outflows, further worsening the situation by depleting central bank reserves and contracting the domestic money supply at a time of unemployment.
Answer to Question 2
The purpose of the figure is to show the inflation convergence within the six original EMS members. The figure shows the difference between domestic inflation and German inflation for six of the original EMS members. As of 1997 all national inflation rates were very close to the German levels. See Figure 20 in the textbook for a more updated figure.
Growth of arg Mutants in Response to Supplements
Eye Model
The two-system view of the stress response.
Three-Box Model
Bandura's social-cognitive model of human behaviour
The response of the lac operon in the absence of lactose