Answer to Question 1
During the financial crisis, the default risk premium soared as investors feared that firms would have difficulty repaying their loans or making the coupon and principal payments on their bonds. By the end of 2008, the Fed had caused the federal funds rate to fall nearly to zero, but the rise in the risk premium counteracted the effects of the Fed's expansionary policy. The Fed attempted to bring down long-term interest rates by taking the unusual step of directly buying both 10-year Treasury notes and mortgage-backed securities, but the Fed was not able to entirely offset the effects of the increase in the risk premium.
Answer to Question 2
D
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