Answer to Question 1
False
Answer to Question 2
We can think of the research enterprise as encompassing a research-practice continuum within which translation occurs. In the course of moving through this continuum, it is likely that many individual research projects will be conducted. Some of these are what might be called basic research and are designed to generate discoveries and to understand their mechanisms better. For discoveries that relate to humans, this is usually followed by a series of applied research projects where the discovery is tested under increasingly controlled conditions with humans. If a discovery survives this applied research testing, there is usually a process of seeing how well it can be implemented in and disseminated to a broad range of contexts that extend beyond the original controlled studies. This is sometimes referred to as implementation and dissemination research. Ultimately, many such discoveries are assessed for the impacts they have broadly on society, what might be termed impact research. Sometimes discoveries lead to the development of new policies that are investigated with policy research in the broader population.
It is assumed that different discoveries take different pathways through this continuum. Some take longer to go through one stage or another. The bidirectional arrow in the figure is meant to convey that the translational process works in both directions. Sometimes insights from practitioners and policy makers can inform basic and applied researchers and improve their ability to transform their discoveries to better anticipate the real-world contexts that they will eventually need to be implemented in.