Answer to Question 1
The ancient Greek philosophers believed that human societies inevitably arose, flourished, and declined. They saw the past as better than the degraded present. The theologians and philosophers of medieval Europe and the Islamic world believed that human misery was inevitable and that there was little mortals could do to change things. They tended to believe that social conditions were the result of Divine Providence.
Answer to Question 2
Segregation is the ecological and institutional separation of races or ethnic groups. Segregation may be de jure, that is, supported by laws, or it may be de facto, that is, enforced by unwritten norms that have virtually the same effect as the laws--involuntary separation.
The birth weight of human infants is tightly constrained by natural selection.
The difference between a human and an ape.
Regions of the Human Visual Cortex and Their Functions
Walker Evans, Alabama Tenant Farmer's Kitchen (Washstand with View into Dining Area of ...
Marginal Products of Physical and Human Capital
The early stages of transcription in prokaryotes