Answer to Question 1
Core societies are rich, powerful nations that are economically diversified and relatively free of outside control. Peripheral societies are poor and weak with highly specialized economies over which they have relatively little control. In world-systems theory, the core societies are said to profit from the exploitation of the peripheral ones.
Answer to Question 2
Modernization theory sees development as the natural unfolding of an evolutionary process in which societies go from simple to complex institutional structures and from primary to secondary and tertiary production.
World oil reserves
Clinal maps of ABO allele distributions in the indigenous populations of the world.
Neuropeptides and Peripheral Peptides Involved in Control of Food Intake and Metabolism
Shallow-water systems are highly productive
World Crude Oil Production, 1900–2010
Sensory systems and Endocrine system