Answer to Question 1
According to political sociologist Michels, all organizations encounter the iron law of
oligarchythe tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few. His central idea
was that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an
interest in retaining their power. Power may be concentrated in the hands of a few
people because rank-and-file members must inevitably delegate a certain amount of
decision-making authority to their leaders. Leaders then have access to information
that other members do not have. They also have clout, which they may use to
protect their own interests, sometimes at the expense of the interests of others.
Oligarchy may also result when individuals have certain outstanding qualities that make
it possible for them to manage, if not control, others. The members choose to look to
their leaders for direction the leaders are strongly motivated to maintain their power
and privileges.
Answer to Question 2
c
Surgical hand asepsis 5
The Rubber Hand Illusion
Dispense 2–3 ml of hand sanitizer into the palm of the hand.
Effleurage to buttocks muscles using reinforced palm. Place one hand over the other to apply ...
Lead Displaces Iron
Describe the Conceptual Forecasting Framework in your own words.