Answer to Question 1
Freud believed that personality consists of three elements:
(1 ) the id includes the inborn basic drives;
(2 ) the ego is the balancing force between the id and the demands of society; and
(3 ) the super ego is the conscience, which represents the internalized norms and values of our social groups. The underlying principle of Freud's theory of personality development is that inborn and unconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior. This theory denies the central principle of sociology, that factors such as social class and people's roles in groups influence their behavior. Further, Freud's elements of personality are not observable or measurable. Their very existence cannot even be proven. Sociological factors are all observable, and many of them are measurable. In view of this, Freud's theory violates one of the major requirements of a theory that it is testable.
Answer to Question 2
The invention, discovery, or adoption of a new material culture is often the work of one person or a small group. It requires persuasion and time for the new tool and its technology to develop a following. Although it may be an asset to society, people often reject adoption of something new because it is novel, non-traditional, or counter to what was previously believed to be true. It may also require the learning of new skills that are viewed as being difficult, expensive, and time consuming. Examples include the reluctance of many people to receive the polio vaccine, the refusal of many individuals to learn computer skills, and the reliance on the traditional home telephone rather than a cell phone.
Water potentials decrease (become more negative) as one moves from soil to plant to atmosphere
When the exhaust is rich, the PCM applies a negative current into the pump cell.
Suppressing Negative Emotions
The Nebular Theory
Positive and Negative Reinforcement
Set-Point Theory