Answer to Question 1
In the past four decades, institutional racism has become recognized as a major problem. Institutional racism refers to discriminatory acts and policies against a racial group that pervade the major macrosystems of society, including the legal, political, economic, and educational systems. Some of these discriminatory acts and policies are illegal, whereas others are not. The following examples reflect institutional racism:
A family counseling agency with branch offices assigns its less skilled counselors and thereby provides lower-quality services to an office located in a minority neighborhood.
A human services agency takes longer to process the requests of non-Whites for funds and services.
A real estate agency has a pattern of showing White homebuyers houses in White neighborhoods and African American homebuyers houses in mixed or predominantly African American areas.
A bank and an insurance company engage in redlining, which involves refusing to make loans or issue insurance in areas with large minority populations.
A probation and parole agency tends to ignore minor rule violations by White clients but seeks to return non-White parolees to prison for similar infractions.
Answer to Question 2
True
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