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In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
This year, an estimated 1.4 million Americans will have a new or recurrent heart attack.
The human body produces and destroys 15 million blood cells every second.
Hippocrates noted that blood separates into four differently colored liquids when removed from the body and examined: a pure red liquid mixed with white liquid material with a yellow-colored froth at the top and a black substance that settles underneath; he named these the four humors (for blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile).
Disorders that may affect pharmacodynamics include genetic mutations, malnutrition, thyrotoxicosis, myasthenia gravis, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus.