William feels a strong need for social approval, and his self-esteem drops each time he encounters even relatively mild criticism from others. William needs to consider whether .
a. setting realistic, achievable goals will not enhance his self-esteem
b. being or becoming competent at something will not affect his self-esteem c. experiencing disapproval is really as terrible as he may think it is
d. his perfectionist expectations will ultimately lead to a boost in self-esteem if he is successful e. a need for the approval of others will help to boost his self-esteem
Question 2
Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as , while removal of an aversive stimulus serves as .
a. positive punishment; negative punishment
b. negative punishment; positive punishment
c. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement d. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement e. reinforcement; punishment
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