Answer to Question 1
B
Answer to Question 2
There is an absence of external criteria to use as a standard for evaluating and grading student performance. The implication of this is that educators have no good way to know how much achievement is too little, or just enough, for any subject. Norm-referenced grading is based upon this lack of external criteria. The standards are determined by comparing how well, or how poorly, students perform relative to one another.