Answer to Question 1
The research on bilingual education can be summarized as follows:
a.When measured by tests in English, students experience small to moderate gains in language arts and mathematics. When tested in their native language, the gains are even higher.
b. English as a Second Language (ESL) programs have positive effects on reading comprehension skills.
c. TWB programs produce higher scores on reading, math, and subject matter tests in comparison to limited-English-proficient students who were taught only in English.
Answer to Question 2
Most middle school through high school teachers do not teach the same students for the entire day. Instead, they typically work with several different groups for about an hour apiece. Because they work with so many more students, they see a wider range of individual differences and it takes them longer to establish a productive relationship with each group. Students at these levels are more difficult to teach because of distractions from cell phones (i.e., texting) and electronic games.
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A diploma or certificate is proof of education completed.
Researchers and Research Spending, 2009
For the circuit in Figure 1, assume ideal diodes. The peak inverse voltage is approximately