Answer to Question 1
B
Explanation: B) The essence of distributive bargaining is negotiating over who gets what share of a fixed pie. When the pie is fixed, or parties believe it is, they tend to bargain distributively. Probably the most widely cited example of distributive bargaining is labor management negotiations over wages.
Answer to Question 2
A bureaucracy is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules and regulations, tasks grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control, and decision making that follows the chain of command. Its primary strength is its ability to perform standardized activities in a highly efficient manner. Putting like specialties together in functional departments results in economies of scale and minimum duplication of personnel and equipment. In a bureaucracy, rules and regulations substitute for managerial discretion. Standardized operations and high formalization allow decision making to be centralized. There is little need for innovative and experienced decision makers below the level of senior executives.
A drawback of bureaucracy is that if cases don't precisely fit the rules, there is no room for modification. The bureaucracy is efficient only as long as employees confront familiar problems with programmed decision rules.
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