Answer to Question 1
The phrase assessment as learning means that both student and teacher seek to acquire important information from assessments in order to improve as learners and teachers. That is, both are using assessment data as a way to learn more about themselves as learners and teachers, respectively. Students use assessment information to learn what they have and have not learned and why. Teachers use assessment information to learn whether instructional tactics were successful or need to be revised.
Answer to Question 2
Assessment for learning is synonymous with formative assessment. Both terms refer to assessment as a continuous, ongoing activity that is woven into every lesson in order to monitor what students are learning. The results are then used to determine whether or not changes need to be made to what the teacher is doing in order to maximize the learning outcomes for every student.
Cone of Learning (adapted from Dale).
Assessment of Stereognosis
Pupil assessment; B, moving penlight directly in front of pupil.
Learning without Reinforcement (1 of 2)
Processes Involved in Observational Learning
Social Learning in Lobsters