Answer to Question 1
Answer to Question 2
The principles of operant conditioning and the approaches to motivation suggest that outcomes should be distributed to employees contingent on their performing desired organizational behaviors:
Operant conditioning theory suggests that to encourage the learning of desired organizational behaviors, rewards (positive reinforcements) should be distributed to employees contingent on performance.
Need theory suggests that when pay is contingent on performance, employees are motivated to perform because doing so will help satisfy their needs.
Expectancy theory takes into account the fact that pay is an outcome with high valence (highly desirable) for most employees and that instrumentality (the association between performance and outcomes) must be high for motivation to be high.
Equity theory indicates that outcomes (pay) should be distributed in proportion to inputs (performance).
Procedural justice theory suggests that the methods used to evaluate performance and distribute pay need to be fair.
From the perspectives of learning and motivation, therefore, the message is clear: Whenever possible, pay should be based on performance.
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Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart.
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