In an ex post facto study, a researcher investigated the effect of academic self-concept on school achievement. He concluded that a more positive self-concept leads to higher achievement in school. Label the following plausible alternative hypotheses as common cause, reverse causality, or other independent variables may be operating. Teachers are impressed by students with positive self-concept and tend to overrate their achievement.
a. common cause
b. reverse causality
c. other independent variables may be operating
Question 2
A university researcher who wanted to determine the effectiveness of new technology in the teaching of freshman psychology used the new technology in one section, while a second section had the conventional lecture method. When the two sections were compared on final exam scores, the researcher was surprised to find that the conventional classroom actually had slightly higher scores. This finding may be an example of the
a. Hawthorne effect. c. Pygmalion effect.
b. John Henry effect. d. reactive effect.
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