An investigator is interested in studying teacher management behavior. He located two groups of teachers previously identified as either competent in teacher management behavior or incompetent in teacher management behavior. He found that the competent teachers' students were significantly more engaged in learning than were incompetent teachers' students. What conclusion should the investigator draw from this finding?
a. Competent teacher management behavior causes students to be more engaged in learning.
b. Competent teacher management behavior and student engagement in learning occur together.
c. To ensure that students become engaged in learning, teachers should become competent in classroom management behavior.
Question 2
Identify the threats to internal validity illustrated in the examples below. Students were given a pretest measuring attitudes toward a minority group and then viewed a film on the accomplishments of members of the minority. The students showed significantly more favorable attitudes after viewing the film.
a. experimental mortality
b. reactive effect of testing
c. statistical regression
d. maturation
e. instrumentation
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